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40 results Lessons 40
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Lesson · Level 0
What a mali müşavir (accountant) does and does not do
A mali müşavir (certified public accountant) keeps your books, prepares tax returns and guides you on tax matters. But collecting documents, handing in records on time and making the business's decisions are your job. Th …
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Lesson · Level 1
How to choose a mali müşavir (accountant): 7 questions
When you choose a mali müşavir (accountant), don't look at the price; look at 7 things: their authorisation, how quickly they will get back to you, what the fee covers, how you will hand over documents, how close they ar …
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Lesson · Level 0
Paying yourself a salary: taking money from the cash box
In a sole proprietorship, you and the business are the same person; the money you take from the cash box for yourself is not a salary; it counts as "owner's drawings" (özel çekiş) and is not recorded as an expense. In a …
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Lesson · Level 0
Setting money aside for tax: put some away every month
Tax should be set aside on the day you earn, not on the day you pay. If you are a VAT payer, the VAT on your invoice is already money held in trust for the state; for the tax to be paid on your profit, a share should als …
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Lesson · Level 0
What is tax: where does the state's share come from
The main payments an employer meets are: VAT (KDV, money held in trust: collected from the customer and handed to the state), income tax or corporate tax (a share of profit), withholding tax (stopaj, deducting someone el …
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Lesson · Level 0
Cash, bank and the money in your pocket: three separate pockets
The cash box (kasa) is the cash the business holds; the bank is the money in the business's account; the third pocket is your personal money. Even in a sole proprietorship, keeping these separate lets you see profit and …
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Lesson · Level 0
Cash flow calendar: a calendar of money coming in and going out
A cash flow calendar is a simple list showing how much money will come in and go out on which day over the coming month. With it, you see in advance the day when the money will not be enough. Filing days vary by year and …
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Lesson · Level 5
When does a second company make sense?
A second company usually makes sense when the new business's risk, partner or future is different from the existing business. Setting one up only for tax does not work: corporate tax (kurumlar vergisi) is not banded like …
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Lesson · Level 0
Stock: money waiting on the shelf
… and why. If possible, take a photo and tell your mali müşavir (certified public accountant) in the same month. They will tell you how spoiled goods are recorded and whether an official report (tutanak) is needed; if you …
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Lesson · Level 0
The first 30 words 4: Books and accounts words
A current account (cari hesap) is a credit book showing who owes how much to whom; reconciliation (mutabakat) is confirming that both sides' books show the same figure. The balance sheet (bilanço) is a picture of one day …
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Lesson · Level 2
Before your first employee: opening a workplace file with SGK
Before your first employee starts, you introduce your workplace to SGK (Social Security Institution) with a workplace notification (işyeri bildirgesi); the last day in the law is the day the first insured employee starts …
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Lesson · Level 1
How do you register the start of business? Step by step
The owner of a sole proprietorship (şahıs işletmesi) must give the tax office a start-of-business notification within 10 days of the date they start work. You can do it yourself on the Internet Tax Office (İnternet Vergi …
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Lesson · Level 1
Mali müşavir fees and the contract
Every year a minimum fee schedule (asgari ücret tarifesi) for mali müşavirs (accountants), prepared by TÜRMOB and approved by the Ministry, is published in the Official Gazette (Resmî Gazete); a mali müşavir cannot work …
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Lesson · Level 2
Paying wages and the timesheet (puantaj): from month end to the tax return
Under the Labour Law (İş Kanunu), the wage is paid at least once a month. With every payment, the employer gives the employee a pay slip (ücret hesap pusulası). Over the month, write the days worked, on leave, on sick re …
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Lesson · Level 2
The SGK employment start notification: when, how and with what information
As a rule, the insured employment start notification (sigortalı işe giriş bildirgesi) is given on SGK's (Social Security Institution) e-Sigorta screen at least one day before the employee starts work. The notification co …
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Lesson · Level 2
The first payroll (bordro): from gross to net, step by step
From the gross wage, the SGK employee share (14%) and the unemployment insurance employee share (1%) are deducted first; if there is no other deduction, the remaining amount is the amount income tax is calculated on (the …
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Lesson · Level 1
What do you send your mali müşavir every month? The monthly handover list
Every month you should send your mali müşavir (accountant) that month's sales invoices, the invoices and receipts you received, your bank transactions and your cash position. If you have employees, information that affec …
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Lesson · Level 2
A checklist before hiring
Prepare five things before hiring: the SGK (Social Security Institution) notifications and a written contract, the employee's personnel file (özlük dosyası), the basic steps for occupational health and safety (risk asses …
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Lesson · Level 3
Business money and pocket money: a separate account, money taken out, card spending
Open a separate bank account and card for the business; let sales, rent and supplier payments go through it. In a sole proprietorship, money you take from the cash box for yourself is owner's drawings, not an expense; mo …
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Lesson · Level 5
Fixed costs, variable costs and unit cost
A fixed cost is a cost paid every month regardless of how many units you sell (rent, salaries, the accountant's fee); a variable cost rises with every sale (ingredients, packaging, card commission). Unit cost is found by …
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Lesson · Level 1
How do you correct an invoice issued by mistake?
An issued invoice is not deleted. If you notice the mistake straight away, you can cancel an e-Archive invoice (e-Arşiv) where you issued it; for a paper invoice you take back the original and write "İPTAL" (cancelled) o …
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Lesson · Level 3
How do you record the money coming in and going out every day?
Every day, write the money coming in and going out of the cash box, the bank and the card into a table with the date, description, place, amount and document; in the evening count the cash and compare it with the figure …
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Lesson · Level 0
Invoices, receipts and documents: why everything needs a document
… one either. At the end of the month he told his mali müşavir (certified public accountant): I bought 4,000 lira of fabric, record it as an expense. The accountant asked calmly: Where is the document? There was no docume …
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Lesson · Level 1
Opening a business account and a POS terminal
A business account separates the business's money from your personal money and makes your mali müşavir's (accountant's) work easier. A POS is a merchant agreement you make with the bank. Businesses that must use a cash r …
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Lesson · Level 1
SGK and Bağ-Kur registration: what happens when you start work?
The Bağ-Kur (4/b) insurance of a sole proprietorship owner starts automatically on the date their tax liability starts; you don't need to apply separately. For 2026 the premium rate is 35.75% and the minimum monthly prem …
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Lesson · Level 1
Sole proprietorship or limited company? Decide in 4 questions
If you are on your own, and your business is small and low-risk, a sole proprietorship is usually simpler. If you have a partner, if the debt risk is large or if you are thinking of growing fast, a limited company may su …
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Lesson · Level 3
The 30-minute month-end checklist
At the end of the month, look at five things in half an hour: do the cash, bank and card sales match the records; is there work without an invoice or a purchase invoice that hasn't arrived; what receivables and debts are …
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Lesson · Level 3
The VAT return month: your side
In most businesses the VAT return is filed by the mali müşavir (accountant); your job is to make sure all the invoices you issued and received during the month reach them in full. An invoice is issued within seven days a …
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Lesson · Level 1
Tradesman exemption: who is not a taxpayer
The tradesman exemption means that for certain small businesses no income tax liability arises. For example, people who make things by hand at home and sell them, without opening a separate workplace, can benefit from it …
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Lesson · Level 2
When an employee leaves: notice, severance pay, the SGK notification, the final settlement
In an open-ended contract, notice of 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks is given before leaving, depending on length of service. A person who has worked at least one year is paid severance pay equal to 30 days' gross wage for each full …
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Lesson · Level 3
Credit sales and payments: who owes you, and whom do you owe?
Put a written due date on every sale, sort receivables by how late they are rather than by amount, and update the list once a week. A short message before the due date, a phone call once it is late, and after 30 days tal …
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Lesson · Level 3
A month's calendar: what is due on which day?
… ot like that. Every month around the 25th the phone rings and the mali müşavir (accountant) asks: Muhtasar tomorrow, VAT on Thursday, and SGK at the end of the month. Is the money ready? And every month Nuri Usta asks th …
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Lesson · Level 0
Credit sales and current accounts: who owes whom
… do not know which group you fall into, ask your mali müşavir (certified public accountant). For this, you can look again at the lesson How money moves: income, expenses and what is in between (in Turkish). The trap here …
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Lesson · Level 0
Profit but no cash: where is the money waiting?
… ial books depends on the type of books, and your mali müşavir (certified public accountant) knows that. 4. The state's share If you are a VAT payer, the VAT (KDV, value added tax) included in a sales invoice is not yours …
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Lesson · Level 4
Reading your mali müşavir's statements: a 10-question check
… isserie company is three years old. At the beginning of March her mali müşavir (accountant) e-mailed her last year's statements: Could you take a look before the tax return? Ayten Hanım was about to write back: You know …
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Lesson · Level 4
The annual return: income tax in March, corporate tax in April
… şe Hanım has been running a café for three years. Every March her mali müşavir (accountant) calls: I've prepared your annual return; the first instalment is due at the end of March. Every March Ayşe Hanım asks the same t …
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Lesson · Level 4
The balance sheet: assets equal liabilities plus equity
… n Abi is relaxed: There's profit, and there's money too. Then his mali müşavir (accountant) handed him one more page: The balance sheet. In January there is 60,000 of tax and SGK (social security), and during the year 30 …
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Lesson · Level 2
The employment contract: types, probation period and why in writing
… urity Institution) may differ from a full-time employee; ask your mali müşavir (accountant) how it will be notified. The probation period (art. 15) If the parties put a probation period into the contract, this period can …
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Lesson · Level 0
The first 30 words 1: Money and document words
The first words your mali müşavir (accountant) says on the phone: gelir, gider, kâr, ciro, fatura, fiş (income, expense, profit, turnover, invoice, receipt). By watching the bucket of a small café, we learn all six in ev …
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Lesson · Level 0
The first 30 words 2: Tax words
… op bigger and taken on an assistant (kalfa). His mali müşavir (certified public accountant) said on the phone: I've prepared your VAT, check the withholding tax, we'll file the returns this week. And download this year's …